ROUTE SURVEY OF THE STRETCH OF ROAD FROM ORIAWO ALONG OGBOMOSO ROAD, OYO TO SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, SABO OYO TOWN, ATIBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE


ROUTE SURVEY OF THE STRETCH OF ROAD FROM ORIAWO ALONG OGBOMOSO ROAD, OYO TO SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, SABO OYO TOWN, ATIBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE  

ABSTRACT

The project was focused on the execution of route surveying for the purpose of road reconstruction from Oriawo along Ogbomosho road, Oyo to School of Science, Sabo Oyo Town. Stations were selected along the existing route at regular intervals as in the specifications

Theodolite traverse was run over stations, while levels were observed along the longitudinal and cross-sections of the traverse lines. All data were gathered with effective orientation from the controls, these were used to produce the plans (with appropriate scale) showing horizontal alignment, profile and cross-sections.  

TABLES OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………i

CERTIFICATE ii

CERTIFICATION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

ABSTRACT vi

LIST OF FIGURE x

LIST OF TABLES xi

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 2

1.3.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3.1 AIM Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES 2

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 3

1.6 PERSONNEL 4

1.7 STUDY AREA 4

CHAPTER TWO 6

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

RECONNAISSANCE 8

PRELIMINARY SURVEY 9

LOCATION SURVEY 9

OFFICE LOCATION: - 9

CHAPTER THREE 12

3.0 METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE 12

3.1.1 OFFICE PLANNING 12

3.1.2   FIELD RECONNAISSANCE 13

3.2      DATA ACQUISITION 15

3.2.1 EQUIPMENT USED 15

3.2.2    TEST OF INSTRUMENT 16

3.2.2.2   LEVEL INSTRUMENT TEST (TWO PEG TEST) 16

3.2.3     CONTROL CHECK 18

3.2.3.1 SELECTION OF STATIONS 22

3.2.3.2 MONUMENTATION 22

3.2.4  FIELD OBSEVATION 22

3.2.4.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT 23

3.2.4.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS 24

3.2.4.3 LEVELING 24

3.2.4.5 DETAILING 26

CHAPTER FOUR 28

4.0      DATA PROCESSING AND RESULT ANALYSIS 28

4.1 FIELD BOOKS REDUCTIONS 28

4.1.1 HORIZONTAL ANGLE REDUCTION 28

4.1.2 VERTICAL ANGLE REDUCTION 29

4.1.3 LINEAR MEASUREMENT REDUCTION 29

4.2.1 FORWARD COMPUTATION 30

4.2.1.1 BEARING REDUCTION 30

4.2.1.2 CORRECTION TO BEARING 30

4.2.1.3 COORDINATES REDUCTION 30

4.2.1.4 COORDINATES ADJUSTMENTS 31

4.2.2 BACK COMPUTATION 31

4.2.3 LEVELING COMPUTATION AND ADJUSTMENTS 32

4.2.3.1 LEVELING ADJUSTMENT 33

4.2.4 ACCURACY 33

4.2.4.1 ANGULAR ACCURACY 33

4.2.4.2   LEVELING ACCURACY 34

4.2.4.3 LINEAR ACCURACY 34

4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS 35

4.4 EXTRACT OF RESULT 36

4.6      INFORMATION PRESENTATION (ANALOG AND DIGITAL) 36

4.6.1 PLAN PRODUCTION 37

4.6.2 MANUAL PLOTTING 37

4.6.3 DIGITAL PLOTTING 37

CHAPTER FIVE 38

5.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 38

5.1 SUMMARY 38

5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 38

5.3 CONCLUSION 38

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS 39

REFERENCES 40

APPENDICES 41

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1: Study Area diagram Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3.1 Recce Diagram 14

Figure 3.2: Leveling instrument set up mid-way (first set -up) 17

Figure 3.3: Leveling instrument set up( second set up) 17

Figure 3.4 Initial control check observations 19

Figure 3.6 A typical monument used 22

Figure 3.7: Longitudinal sections leveling. 25

Figure 3.8: Cross sectional leveling. 25

Fig.: 3.9 – Illustration of detailing by tacheometry method 27

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Coordinates of existing ground controls used 12

Table 3.2 Collimation test 16

Table 3.3: Initial control check observation. 19

Table 3.4: Back computation of initial control used 20

Closing control check observation. 20

Back computation of initial control used 21

Table 4.1 Sample of Horizontal angle reduction 29

Table 4.1 Back computation of traverse pegs 32

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Engineering Surveying is one of the branches of surveying which from the general express for any survey work carried out in connection with construction engineering and building project, it is a large scale topographical map survey which the basis for design of engineering works such as highways, railways, canals, tunnels, dams, pipelines and transmission lines.

In the word of engineering and environmental studies, surveying has been recognized as the inevitable operation been described as be the bedrock of every meaningful development. The greater part of its responsibility is seen from the various types of surveying which are all geared toward promoting route ways, convenience, accessibility and spatial declination of both natural and social environment. In addition, surveying means the activities of planning, designing, constructions, development and rehabilitation of roads, depending on the survey data required by the surveyor.

Route survey which is an aspect of engineering survey may be defined as the survey operation that is done for the establishment of the horizontal and vertical alignment of transportation facilities. It involved: planning, design and setting out of any route such as railways, highways, pipelines and canals etc. as obtained by a surveyor and it also involved the proper assessment of natural and man-made features.  

In addition, this type of survey should be applied when there is need for alignment, expansion, or rehabilitation at any existing route (road) e.g. for traffic purposes. The reason is that route survey provides a plan/map that shows the alignment, details, profile and cross sectional leveling which depicts the nature of the terrain of a given strip of land which serves the purpose of location, design and construction of route networks. 

Good road network is one of the basic amenities needed by human being as movement is one of the characteristics of living things. There are needs for people to move from one place to the other and transportation of goods and services. Therefore for any meaningful development in a country, good road is a must. 

1.2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROJECT

It was discovered that the route from Oyun to olorun village moro Local government Ilorin, Kwara State, had been badly eroded and full of potholes; also, the road is found to be too narrow and needed to be extended considering the volume of traffic plying the road. Rehabilitation of this road should be carried out in other to increase its carrying capacity thereby increase the physical development and human activities therein. Due to these, certain information about the road must be acquired which calls for route survey so as to get the baseline data necessary for the road design.

The main aim of this project is:

To carry-out Route Survey of Oyun-Oloru road in Moro local government area, Ilorin, Kwara State

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

In actualization of the said aim of the project, the following objectives

Were followed sequentially:

(i) Reconnaissance which include office planning and field reconnaissance.

(ii) Identification of existing features and adjoining roads.

(iii) Stability of the ground controls to be use for orientation.

(iv) Determination of centre line and marking of chainages along the centre line at an interval of 25m.

(v) Marking out some selected points for the cross-sectioning at intervals of 3m to the right and left on the profile and also the edges of drainage was marked. 

(vi) Leveling to determine the height of some selected points along the road.

(vii) Detailing by the use of a total station Mato NTS352R

(viii) Plan production (graphical representation of the surveyed road way) drawn with appropriate scale.

(ix) Reports write up.

1.4 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS

The following are the specification to be ascertained in the project: 

(i) Traverse must commence on three coordinated (known) controls and closed on another set of three coordinated controls which must be confirmed undisturbed by necessary measurement (control checks).

(ii) Third order theodolite traverse must be run along the route on all turning points at one zero observation and the angular difference  from both faces should not be more than thirty seconds (30"), the angular misclosure is determined by 30"√n,   

Where ‘n’ is the total number of station observed.

(iii) Establishing traverse points by using pegs together with nails and bottle corks.  

(iv) Spirit leveling must commence on a known benchmark and closed back on another known benchmark. Formulae for its misclosure are ±24mm√k, where ‘k’ is the total distance covered in kilometers.

(v) Leveling must be observed at every 25m intervals on the centre line and at 5m intervals on both sides of the centre line for the cross sectioning. Edges of drainage at both sides should be heightened.

(vi) Fixing of relevant features to enhance assessment and necessary composition for good interpretation of plan.

(vii) Setting out curve by using deflection angle method within third other survey.

(viii) The accuracy of the project must fall within the order of the project.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The entire project covered the following:-

(i) Reconnaissance (both office planning and field reconnaissance).

(ii) Data acquisition:

(a) Selection of stations.

(b) Traverse  angular observation and data recording.

(c) Linear measurement with the aid of Mato NTS352R total station.

(d) Spirit leveling of traverse centre line and adjacent sides (longitudinal or    profile and cross sectioning).

(e) Fixing of details by tacheometry method.

(iii)Computations to determine:

(a) Horizontal coordinates (i.e. x and y coordinates)

(b) Vertical coordinates (i.e. z coordinates) by level reduction.

(c) Setting out angles and distance for the curve.

(iii) Data analysis i.e. comparing result obtained with the required accuracy.

(iv) Data presentation :

(a) Production of horizontal alignment (i.e. plan showing existing features and the propose route).

(b) Production of longitudinal section plan

(c) Production of cross section plan

(d)Project report writing: - This involves writing of detail report in connection with entire project done in conformity with the outline given by the project supervisor.

1.6 PERSONNEL

The underlisted names are the personnel that participated in the execution of this project. They are:

1. ABDUL RAHEEM SADIAT FUNKE HND/16/SGI/FT/001 (writer) 

2. ADENIYI ADEBOWALE OLUMIDE HND/16/SGI/FT/025

3. AWONIRAN SAKIRU OPEYEMI HND/16/SGI/FT/015

4. HAMMED KAZEEM BOLAJI HND/16/SGI/FT/018       

1.7 STUDY AREA

The project site is the route from Oyun to olorun village moro Local Government area Ilorin, Kwara State. It cover approximately 3.km extent of land.

MAP OF MORO LGA

ImageImageMAP OF NIGERIA

MAP OF KWARA ST 

Image

Figure 1.7.1 : study area diagram Moro Local Government Ilorin Kwara State

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Surveying began in Babylon and Egypt in the form of field measurements. The great pyramids which are mystery hitherto could not have been built without the knowledge of surveying principles in spite of the conflicting views about its physical construction. The Egyptians used stones to mark boundaries of their farmland along Nile valley as temporary beacons even though the beacons used to be washed away later. This led to proper and solid demarcation of boundries by permanent beacons (Clark, 1972).

Barnister and Raymond (1977) defined surveying as the art of making measurement of relative position of natural and man-made features on the earth surface and the plotting of the measurements to some suitable scale to form a map, plan or chart.

Thomas & Noriman (1961) defined engineering surveying as expression for any survey work carried out in connection with the construction of civil engineering and building project. He also stated that engineers and surveyor involved in site surveying are responsible for all aspect of dimensional control on such schemes. According to Norman the main purpose of engineering surveying are:

(i) To provide large scale topographical maps/plans and other measurements at the conceptual and design stage.

(ii) To provide precise framework at the construction stage.

(iii) To monitor structural movement on major retaining structure at the post construction stage.

Wilson (1977) believed that when there is need for design of route to be carried out, different type of plans must be acquired to enable such design to be approximately done; such plan may be cadastral and topographical in nature.

Also, engineering surveying is divided into design-data-survey and construction survey. A design- data –survey is an orderly process of obtaining data that is needed for the planning and design of an engineering report. The activities involved in design-data surveying vary according to the type and existing owner of the engineering or construction project. For example, the activities might include simply    obtaining topographic data for a proposed building site or they may include extensive route surveying and soil investigation for a highway.

A route survey as the name implies is a survey that deals with the route or course that imaginary road or utility line will follow while the end product of a route survey for a highway certainly differs from that of a utility line, it may nevertheless be said that the purpose of the route survey are to:

(i) Selection one or more tentative general route for the roadway or utility.

(ii) Gather enough information about the general route to make it possible for designers to select the final location of the route.

(iii) Mark this final location.

Reginnal (1968) defined route survey as the survey necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication such as highways, canals, transmission lines and pipelines. He stated that the location and construction survey may consist of:

(i) Establishing the centre line by setting at intervals and running level to determine profile of the ground along the centre line

(ii) Taking cross section

(iii) Plotting such profile and fixing grades

(iv) Calculating volume of earthwork

(v) Measurement of drainage areas

(vi) Laying out structures such as bridges and culverts.

The execution of route surveying entails some basic processes as far as data acquisition is concerned. These are outlined as follows:

(i) Traversing

(ii) Leveling

(iii) Detailing

(iv) Curve designation

Traverse is a sequence of connected straight lines whose direction and distances have been measured. Traverse is also the process of connecting series of lines with known bearings and distances. It is subdivided into first order for precise measurement and second order for the establishment of secondary controls while the third order is meant for survey of tertiary and topographical features.

Basak (2000) explained leveling as the art of determining the relative vertical heights of different point on the earth surface.

Detailing is defined as the process of fixing topographical features to the survey line. Any of these under listed methods could be used:

(1) Chain survey method (tie line and offset)

(2) Plane table survey method

(3) Compass survey method 

(4) Tacheometric method

(5) By the use of total station

Robert (2000) stated that designing of route without a large scale and up-to-date mapping through dense vegetation is a challenge.

He further explained that aerial photograph is very unpunctual and may not give the expected results but air borne lidar of remote sensing techniques could be more accurate, faster, reduce the required ground survey control.

Brinker and minick (1987) stated that tunnels, dams, sewer lines, pipelines and transmission lines are engineering construction works having linear shapes which are classified as route. Hence, route survey as a unique system for expressing route geometry has developed to a broad range used in executing project by all surveyors, designers and contractors.

It was narrated by Vincent-Tao and El-Sheimy (2000) that the best way of acquiring data and information during the survey for the purpose of rehabilitation of a highway route could be done using mobile mapping system. 

A comprehensive route survey consists of some operations which are:

(1) Reconnaissance

(2) Preliminary survey

(3) Location survey

(4) Construction survey

RECONNAISSANCE

A reconnaissance is a rapid and rough survey in which a thorough examination of the area through which the proposed survey line is to run is conducted to ascertain the best routes and the approximate cost of the project. The reconnaissance survey is the key to the project and therefore must be done under the supervision of an experienced engineer who should be unbiased, resourceful, and gifted with aptitude of engineering projects and having wide power of observation for the present as well as for the future requirements.

The first step in reconnaissance survey is to collect the available map and aerial photography of the area. Various possible routes are marked on the map keeping the general topography of the area in mind. The area under consideration is examined in detail in order to assess the feasibility and relative merits of all the possible routes.

In the second step of reconnaissance, approximate elevation and distances are measured. The directions and angles are also measured by using magnetic compass. 

.

ROUTE SURVEY OF THE STRETCH OF ROAD FROM ORIAWO ALONG OGBOMOSO ROAD, OYO TO SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, SABO OYO TOWN, ATIBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.NET

Researchwap.net is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.net guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.