THE HEALTH RISK ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY COSMETIC USAGE AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES (A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE)


THE HEALTH RISK ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY COSMETIC USAGE AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES (A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE)  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Cosmetology which include nail and hair care has become a lucrative profession. (Halliday-Bell et al.,2009).The use and application of cosmetics have been shown to have some effects on the human system. There are about 9000 chemicals ingredients found in cosmetic products (Kersemaekers and Roelveld, 1995).Nail and hair care users have daily contact with cosmetic products and are therefore routinely exposed to a wide range of chemicals by inhalation, skin contact and diffusion of fumes through the pores of the eyes (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009). Hairdressers use a wide range of products,including shampoos, hair dyes, hair sprays,straighteners, and bleaches. Hair dyes representthe largest segment of chemical products in thehair market today. As such, they are the mainsource of chemical exposure among hairdressers and heavy cosmetic users(Ronda et al., 2009).

Theseproducts may play a positive role in improvingquality of life, due to the human desire to improveappearance, however, individual’s frequent contact withthese products requires the ingredients be safe(Nohyneket al., 2004).

Nail polish is one of the productsmost often used by cosmetologist and the main potential source ofchemical exposure for heavy cosmetic users. Common nail polishingredients include toluene, plasticizers (dibutyl phthalate), and formaldehyde (U.S. Foodand Drug Administration, 2013). Toluene is awidely used industrial solvent. Toluene inhalationduringpregnancy has led to neonatal defects, includingintrauterine growth retardation, prematuredelivery, congenital malformations, and postnataldevelopmental retardation (Donald et al., 1991). Dibutyl phthalate, whichkeeps polish from becoming brittle and chipping,has been linked to reproductive issues in humansif the mother is exposed while pregnant and hasbeen banned for use by the European Union (Pak et al., 2011).

Most young femalestudentshandle nail polishesand shampoo, and theyfrequentlyassist each other in carrying out makeovers, this dual roles increaseexposuresto these products (Halliday-Bell et al., 2009).Hairdressing has been reported to be associatedwith a variety of health issues, includingdermatitis, cancer, and respiratory problems(Ronda et al., 2009). In ameta-analysis of 42 studies, a statisticallysignificant increased risk for bladder cancer wasfound among people who handles a wide varieties of hair care and facial care products with heavy cosmetic users, specifically those whohad been using the products for more than 10 years being affected (Harling et al., 2010).

Alternatively, a review conducted by Nohyneketal. (2004) concluded that evidence suggests thatexposure to hair dyes poses non-carcinogenic or other human health risk exposure to high doses of Diethanolamine (DEA) which is an ingredient found in soaps, cleansers and shampoos has been found associated with liver cancer, and precancerous changes in thyroid as well as mild and eye irritation (Turkoglu and Sakr, 1999).

Parabens which is used as a preservative in cosmetics has been found to interfere with hormonal function causing endocrine disruption (Darbre and Harvey, 2008).Long term exposure of high doses of BHT (Butylatedhydroxytoluene) used as preservative in moisturizers has been found toxic in mice and rat causing kidney, liver and thyroid problems (Bauretet al., 2001).

According to the US FDA, cosmetic products and their ingredients are not subject to regulation prior to their release on the market. Also in Nigeria, government policy regarding cosmetics ingredients is poorly regulated. 

Therefore, toxicological and biochemical studies of these exposed subjects is necessary for proper knowledge of the effects of constant exposure to nail and hair care products associated with the users and even those who may pick the act of cosmetology as a part time profession,hence ensuring adequate handling of these products and reducing hazards associated with these products..

1.2 Justification of Study

There is increasing repertoire of cosmetic products into the Nigeria market legally or illegally without ascertainment of the level of their toxicity. Also, there has been a paucity of information in our locality on the effect of cosmetics borne toxicant. This study therefore will provide clinical insight into the effect of heavy cosmetic usage on liver and renal function parameters of undergraduates in Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.

1.3 Aim of Study

This study aimed at evaluating the levels of some selected trace metals, renal function parameters and liver function parameters of heavy cosmetics users among female undergraduates and compare levels with non-cosmetic users.

1.4 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study include:  

i. To determine levels of urea and creatinine, sodium (Na+) and potassium  (K+) of heavy cosmetics useramong female undergraduate and compare levels with non-cosmetic users.

ii. To determine levels of total protein, Albumin, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)of heavy cosmetics useramong female undergraduate and compare levels with non-cosmetic users.

iii. To determine levels of copper and zinc in heavy cosmetics useramong female undergraduate and compare levels with non-cosmetic users.

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: Exposure to cosmetic borne toxicants has no significant effect on the renal function of cosmetologists.

H1: Exposure to cosmetic borne toxicants has significant effect on the renal function of cosmetologists.

1.6Scope of Study

The scope of this study will encompass the collection of blood samples from heavy cosmetic users, data collection using questionnaires, analysis of liver function parameters, renal function parameter in plasma of subjects and control and the analysis of trace metals from whole blood of subjects and control.

1.7    Research Design:

This is a Randomized cross sectional case-control study.

.

THE HEALTH RISK ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY COSMETIC USAGE AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES (A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE)



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.NET

Researchwap.net is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.net guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.