EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM AFRICANUM) SEED USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION


EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM AFRICANUM) SEED USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT:   

Oil is extracted from locally purchased African Star apple using Sochlet extractor.  Knowledge and information regarding the elemental composition of the fruits are very essential both to the human nutritionist and the horticulturist since minerals play vital roles in the life of both the human being and plants.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER   ONE

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Aims and Objectives

1.3 Statement of Problem

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Limitation of Study

CHAPTER   TWO

2.1 Literature Review

2.2 Land Use

2.3 Propagation Techniques/Planting

2.4 Storage Techniques

2.5 Method of Extraction of Oil

CHAPTER   THREE

3.1 Methodology

CHAPTER   FOUR

4.1 Results

CHAPTER   FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

REFERENCES 

CHAPTER    ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum Africanum), locally called “Udala” by the Ibos and “Agbalumo” by the Yorubas is found mostly in African Countries.  Its distribution extend from Sierra Leone to the Congo region and Angola, found in rain forest and transitional formations, often planted for its edible fruits.  Its distribution also extends to Sierra Leone to Spain, Guinea, extending to Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Nyasaiano.  It is also found in countries like Southern Nigeria, Cameroons, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone.  Chrysophyllum Africanum is of the family “Sapotacea”.  Its habitat is usually on riverside in closed forest, and often planted in villages.  Chrysophyllum Africanum has different species, but Chrysophyllum Africamum and Chrysophyllum Albidum bear the same common name in Nigeria “UDALA”.  (Okafor 1981).

A medium sized, evergreen three usually 70ft to 100ft high; bole straight, flitted, bark gray and riddget, slash thin, cale brown, darkening to orange, Heartwood whitish when first felled, turning a pink buff to an olive yellow and finally a yellowish brown, not demarcated from the sapwood.

Texture fine to medium, grain straight to occasionally interlocked, luster rather low; wood contains a pale brown gum.  Chrysophyllum africanum bears edible fruits with large berries containing five large flattened seeds.  It is greenish in colour when unripe and pale orange when ripe.  It is pointed at both ends.  The fruits are large and more than 4cm wide, shaped like orange or apple, it is often cultivated for its edible fruits and the pulp having a pleasant acid taste (Nwadinigwe, 1982).

Chrysophyllum africanum (African Star apple propagation is by seed either by encouraging natural regeneration or plantation traditionally.  The sapwood is pale yellow and takes a good polish.  It is fine grained, hard and tough polishes well.

It is used in carving and tourney.  The seeds yield edible oil, which is sometimes used in Ashanti for making soap.  The latex is used as birdlime, the back is also used medically, often sold in the market and the tree is usually grown for this purpose.

In parts of Anambra and Imo States, this tree (African Star Apple) forms the focal point or venue for a fertility rite, in which young girls, childless wives celebrates a festivity – eating, singing and dancing for the sole purpose of praying to the gods of birth, this is a gesture of charity, since children are freely entertained without discrimination or distinction.  The African Star Apples are valuable sources of minerals such as protein, fats and oil, carbohydrates etc. (Okigbo, 1989).

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective and aim of this Project is to extract the oil of African Star Apply (Chrysophyllum africanum) seed using sochlet extraction and to evaluate its potential as a raw material in cosmetic and paint industry.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The demand for vegetable oil both for consumption and industrial application is vast, and common sources like palm oil and palm kernel oil are far stretched that the need for alternative sources is invariable.  This has prompted us to ascertain the quantity, quality and the utilizability of the oil of Chrysophyllum africanum in industrial and domestic processes.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The justification of this research study is to ensure that the oil extracted from African Star Apple is circulated or sold.  It is also carried out on the basic of making soap, paint, cosmetics, it is also used in curing jaundice to avoid any sort of suffering from Jaundice.

1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY

In a research project like this, it is always difficult to complete the work without going through a number of challenges, which constitute impediments.  The time to get information from the library, and time for the purchasing of raw materials, industrial machines etc. finance is another constraint a lot of money was needed for transport, typing, browsing and practical work.

.

EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM AFRICANUM) SEED USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.NET

Researchwap.net is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.net guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.