NUTRIENT COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS FROM SORGHUM, ROASTED AFRICAN YAM BEAN AND CRAYFISH
ABSTRACT:
Complementary foods were formulated using sorghum, African yam bean and crayfish. The nutrient composition, functional properties and organoleptic attributes of the formulated complementary foods were investigated. The different flours were combined in the ratios of; 70:20:5, 80:15:5, 75:20:5, of sorghum, African yam bean and crayfish respectively. Cerelac, a commercial sample served as control. Porridges were prepared from the composite blends for organoleptic evaluation. Standard methods were used to analyze the composite flours. The protein content of African yam bean and crayfish flours complemented the sorghum protein and improved the nutritional quality of the formulated food. The result of the functional properties showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in both bulk density and viscosity. Sensory evaluation revealed that the porridge from the control was preferred over the others. Among the blends, the porridge made from 70:20:5 sorghum / African yam bean/crayfish was preferred over the others. The study showed that composite blends from sorghum, African yam bean and crayfish are nutritionally adequate and possess good functional properties which are required for the preparation of complementary foods for infants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Approval Page ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Table of contents----------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review---------------------------------------------------------------------------4
COMPLEMENTARY FOODS
SORGHUM
HEALTH BENEFITS SORGHUM (United States Grain Council 2010)
AFRICAN YAM BEAN (AYB)
DOMESTICATION, CULTIVATION, AND THE CULTURAL PLACE OF AYB.
POTENTIALS OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN
LIMITATIONS IN AYB
CRAYFISH
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CRAYFISH
USES OF CRAYFISH
HEALTH BENEFITS OF CRAWFISH
MORE FACTS ABOUT CRAYTFISH
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods------------------------------------------------------------------25
Procurement of raw materials:
Preparation of formulated complementary food:
Analysis of sample:
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION
DETERMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
RAW AND PROCESSED MATERIALS;
CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Discussion-------------------------------------------------------------------36
Procurement of raw materials:
Preparation of formulated complimentary food:
Analysis of sample:
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION
Ash content
Crude protein content
Crude fat content
Crude fiber determination
Carbohydrate contents
DETERMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
RAW AND PROCESSED MATERIALS;
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Recommendations------------------------------------------------------------------------40
References----------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Appendix------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
FAT CONTENT
ASH CONTENT
PROTEIN CONTENT
CRUDE FIBRE
CARBOHYDRATES
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Fig. 1: flow diagram for the production of formulated complementary
Food--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Table 1:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Table 2:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Table 3:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In developing countries like Nigeria, complementary foods are mainly based on starch tubers like cocoyam, sweet potato or on cereals like maize, millet and sorghum. Children are normally given these staples in the form of gruels that is either mixed with boiled water (Igyor et al., 2011).
Sorghum is an important food crop grown on a subsistence level by farmers in the semi arid tropics of Africa and Asia. It is the principal food crop grown in Northern Nigeria (Zakari and Inyang, 2008). Sorghum like other cereals is predominantly starchy and remains a principal source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Sorghum grows in harsh environments where other crops do not grow well, just like other staple foods, such as cassava, that are common in impoverished regions of the world. It is usually grown without application of any fertilizers or other inputs by a multitude of small _holder farmers in many countries FAO (1999).
African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) is an underutilized legume crop that is predominantly cultivated in Western Africa. It produces nutritious pods, highly portentous seeds and capable of growth in marginal areas where other pulses fail to thrive (Enwere, 1998). It has the potential to meet the ever increasing protein demands of the people in this region.
Crayfish, also known as crawfish, freshwater lobsters, to which they are related; taxonomically, they are members of the super families Astacoidea and parastacoidea (Hart 1994). The greatest diversity of crayfish species is found in Southeastern North America, with over 330 species in nine genera, all in the family Cambraridae (Tennessee Aquatic Nuisance 2007). A further genus of astacid crayfish is found in the Pacific Northwest and the headwaters of some rivers east of the continental Divide. Many crayfish are found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in calcium, and oxygen rises from underground springs (Thompson et al., 2007).
Since many African mothers use gruels made from sorghum as complementary foods, for their infants, due to their inability to afford the cost of nutritional superior commercial meaning foods, this work was conducted to evaluate the nutrient composition, functional and organoleptic properties of complementary foods from sorghum, roasted African yam bean and crayfish locally formulated into flour blends.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To determine the nutrient composition, functional and organoleptic properties of complementary foods from sorghum, roasted African yam bean and crayfish.
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