CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA


CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

ABSTRACT

The main aim of the research is to determine the major causes for the recent incidence of flooding in uyo, the study made use of primary data from the information obtained from the distribution of research questionnaire. The study made use of a total population of 100. The sample of 40 was considered for the study, the data hypothesis was analyzed using the chi-square method. The study concluded that there is frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis. Proper recommendation were made to assist both the state, the federal government of Nigeria and the people of akwa ibom state on decision making and socio economic development process.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1Background of study

1.2Statement of problems

1.3Objectives of Research

1.4Scope and limitations

1.5Research questions

1.6Significance of study

1.7 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Introduction

2.2.1 Flooding

2.2.2 Socio-Economic Effects Of Flooding

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Introduction

3.1 research design

3.2 population of study

3.3 sample size/sample technique

3.4 research instrument:  

3.5 validity and reliability of instrument

3.6 sources of data collection

3.7 method/techniques of data analysis

3.8 limitations of the methodology

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1Introduction

4.2Data Analysis

4.3 Test of Hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1Findings

5.2Conclusion

5.3Recommendation

5.5References

5.6 Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Flood is the overflow of water into an environment that is normally dry thereby causing inundation and harm to plants and animals, including man. Its harm can be extended to man’s buildings and infrastructures (Udosen, 2011). Most flood definitions include damage they cause and depend on their sources or types and magnitude. In the case of flood resulting from rivers, Ating (2003) defines it as a relatively high flow which overtakes the natural channels provided for run–off as well as a high stream which overtops its natural or artificial banks. Wolf (1965) also describes flood as high rate of discharge in water sources and the inundation of normally dry lands. West (1991) further states that flood is a body of water which rises to overflow its banks or low- lying areas. All over the world, flood is known to cause great damage to people’s lives, belongings and properties. Flood causes one third of deaths, one third of all injuries and one third of all damage from natural disasters (Askew, 1999 and Etuonovbe, 2011). This damage is normally felt by various “receptors” being people, buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, and open recreational spaces. Even social and emotional costs from flooding are significant and are often widespread and indiscriminate in flooded areas. They include displacement from homes, loss of personal valuables, fear and insecurity caused by such experience. The economy can be serially affected by flooding as businesses may lose patronage, stock, data and productivity. Tourism, farming and livestock can equally be affected. Utilities and transport infrastructure can be rendered inefficient by flood. Portable water supplies may be contaminated in a flood which has immediate health effects upon human beings and animals. Other vital infrastructures may also be damaged just like the loss of electricity experienced in Britain in 2007 summer floods (RIBA, 2009). Even in a developed country such as the United Kingdom, the Association of British Insurers has estimated the cost of the July, 2007 flooding, in insurance claims alone at over 3 billion pounds (RIBA, 2011). The pattern of flooding is similar in all parts of the world. In Nigeria for instance, flooding has forced millions of people out from their homes, destroyed businesses, polluted water sources, and increased the risk of diseases (Baiye, 1988, Akinyemi, 1990, Nwaubani, 1991 and Edward- Adebiyi, 1997). a) Sources of flooding Generally, there are six recognized sources of flooding namely: tidal flooding, fluvial flooding, ground water, pluvial flooding, flooding from sewers and flooding from man – made infrastructure. Ø Tidal Flooding Sea and river defenses may be overtopped by a combination of low pressure weather systems and high tides. Its duration is limited by the cycle of the tides where drainage is available. Fluvial Flooding - When rainfall or snow occurs in rivers, the capacity is exceeded and as a result, there is a rising water level which can in turn overflow into the floodplains close to the river. Ground Water - As ground water levels rise, low lying area sitting over aquifers may flood. This type of flood is mainly seasonal and slow. Pluvial Flood -Refers to surface water from rainwater – run-off mainly from urban or rural land that has low absorbency. As developments increase in urban areas, land surfaces increase in their areas of non-permeable surfaces and combines into intense rainfall which gives rise to localized flooding. Flooding from Sewers occurs where there are faulty sewers or where sewage capacity is exceeded normally due to large surface water runoff over a short time. Flooding from Man – made Infrastructure occurs when man-made structures like canals and reservoirs fail resulting in flooding areas downstream (RIBA 1999).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Although floods can happen at any time during the year, there are some typical seasonal patterns for flooding in Uyo Local Government Area, based on the variety of natural processes that cause floods. Rainy Season floods are produced by heavy rainfall on wet ground which penetrates into lands which were previously dry and causes a lot of damages to people and properties.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main thrust of this study has been to assess the immediate and remote causes of frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis. Specifically, it aims to;

1. Determine the major causes which may be more responsible for the recent incidences of flooding in Uyo city. 

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the causes of frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: There is no frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis.

Hi: There is frequent flooding in Uyo metropolis.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will help to determine the causes which may be responsible for the recent incidences of flooding in Uyo city. To be able to do this successfully, a number of physical flood characteristics were evaluated. These critical physical characteristics include:

a) Depth of water 

b) Duration of inundation

 c) Area of inundation 

d) Velocity of flow 

e) Frequency – recurrence relations 

f) Floodtime (Flood time lapse or flood-to-peak interval) 

g) Seasonality 

h) Peak flood 

i) Rate of discharge increase and decline. 

j) Sediment load and 

k) Total flood run-off volume.

1.7 Scope of the Study 

The study focuses on the causes of excess flood in Uyo Local Government Area, AkwaIbom state, Nigeria. UyoLocal Government Area is used as the case study for this research due to the incessant flood occurrence in Uyo during raining seasons and her representative nature to other flood prone areas.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The area of study is Uyo metropolis. This metropolis is situated in Uyo Local Government Area. It is highly urbanized, virtually all parts of Uyo lie within the Capital City Development Area (UCCDA). The study however has some limitations most especially in the area of data collection. Financial constraints as well as time available for the completion of the study are among other factors that would limit the scope of the study.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Flood:An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land.

UyoLGA:Is the capital of AkwaIbom State in Nigeria.

REFERENCES

Ating, E. E., (2003). “Environmental and Ecological Problems of Nigeria”.Journal of Environment and Ecology. Abuja Vol. 1 pp. 1-30. 3. 

Baiye ,E. (1988). “Numan in the throes of Floods”.The Guardian, Thursday October 8, pp.9. 4. 

Durotoye, B. (1999). “Human Occupation of Hazard Areas in Nigeria in: Oshuntokun, A.(ed) Environmental Problems of Nigeria. Lagos: 

Friedrich Ebert Foundation.

Edward – Adebiyi, R. (1997). “The Story of Ogunpa”. The Guardian, Saturday, May 17, pp.5. 

Etuonovbe, Angela K. (2011). “The Devastating Effect of Flooding in Nigeria”.FIG Working Week, 2011 paper.

Folorunsho, R. and L. Awosika (2001). Flood Mitigation in Lagos, Nigeria Through Wise Management of Solid Waste: A Case Study of Ikoyi and Victoria Islands; Nigerian (paper presented at the UNESCO – CSI Workshop, Meputo 19 – 23 November).

.

CAUSES OF EXCESS FLOOD IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.NET
Researchwap.net is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.net guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.