CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME (A CASE STUDY OF ODIGHI EDO STATE)
ABSTRACT
This study was intended to evaluate the consequences of deforestation on rural household income. This study was guided by the following objectives; to find out the causes of deforestation in Odighi in Edo state, to examine the consequences of rural household income, to determine the strategies of reducing deforestation.
The study employed the descriptive and explanatory design; questionnaires in addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed using simple percentages which were presented in frequency tables and percentages. The respondents under the study were 50 respondents including farmers, hunters, and staff of the agricultural and forestry department in Odighi Edo state, Abuja branch. The study majorly focuses on the consequences of deforestation on rural household income.
The study findings revealed that deforestation negatively affects rural household income in Odighi Edo state; based on the findings from the study, efforts should be made by the Nigerian government and stakeholders in promoting tree planting and preservation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------4
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------5
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY --------------------------------6
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ------------------------------8
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS-------------------------------------------9
1.4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY -------------------9
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY -------------------------------10
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION ------------------------------------11
2.2. CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION -----------------------32
2.3. STRATEGIES TO REDUCING DEFORESTATION ------------38
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------48
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN --------------------------------------------------48
3.2. POPULATION OF THE STUDY------------------------------------48
3.3. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE -----------------------49
3.4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT -----------------------------------------49
3.5. VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT --------------------------------------50
3.6. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ------------------------------50
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. SUMMARY -----------------------------------------------------------------57
5.2. RECOMMENDATION --------------------------------------------------57
5.3. CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------58
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss, and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labor, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
Deforestation is a contributor to global warming and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. In deforested areas, the land heats up faster and reaches a higher temperature, leading to localized upward motions that enhance the formation of clouds and ultimately produce more rainfall.
The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion so that erosion, flooding, and landslides ensue.
1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Forests cover almost a third of the earth’s land surface providing many environmental benefits including a major role in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention of climate change, and preservation of biodiversity (Sheram, 1993). Forest resources can provide long-term national economic benefits. For example, at least 145 countries of the world are currently involved in wood production (Anon., 1994). Sufficient evidence is available that the whole world is facing an environmental crisis on account of heavy deforestation. For years remorseless destruction of forests has been going on and we have not been able to comprehend the dimension until recently. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s rainforests have already been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often imprecise and subject to differing interpretations. However, it is obvious that the area of tropical rainforest is diminishing as observed in the case of Odighi forest in Odighi Local government area of Edo State and the rate of tropical rain forest destruction is escalating worldwide despite increased environmental activism and awareness. Deforestation is the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested land use such as agriculture, grazing, or urban development (van Kooten et al, 2000).
Deforestation is primarily a concern for the developing countries of the tropics (Myers, 1994) as it is shrinking areas of the tropical forests (Barraclough et al, 2000) causing loss of biodiversity and enhancing the greenhouse effect (Angelsen et al., 1999). FAO considers a plantation of trees established primarily for timber production to be forest and therefore does not classify natural forest conversion to the plantation as deforestation (but still records it as a loss of natural forests). However, FAO does not consider tree plantations that provide non-timber products to be forest although they do classify rubber plantations as forest.
Forest degradation occurs when the ecosystem functions of the forest are degraded but where the area remains forested rather than cleared (Anon., 2010).
Thirty percent of the earth’s land area or about 3.9 billion hectares is covered by forests. It was estimated that the original forest cover was approximately six billion hectares (Bryant et al., 1997). The Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America, and China were the most forest-rich countries accounting for 53 percent of the total forest area of the globe. Another 64 countries having a combined population of two billion was reported to have forest on less than ten percent of their total land area and unfortunately, ten of these countries have no forest at all. Among these countries, 16 are such which had relatively substantial forest areas of more 1than one million hectares each, and three of these countries namely Chad, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Mongolia each had more than ten million hectares of forest. The forest area remained fairly stable in North and Central America while it expanded in Europe during the past decade. Asian continent especially India and China due to their large-scale afforestation programme in the last decade registered a net gain in the forest area. Conversely, South America, Africa, and Oceania had registered the net annual loss of forest area (Anon., 2010).
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There is enough evidence that the whole world is facing an environmental crisis on account of heavy deforestation. For several years, there has been remorseless destruction which must be put under control to avoid some bad consequences associated with deforestation. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s rainforests have already been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often imprecise and subject to differing interpretations. However, this research work will focus on the consequences of deforestation on the rural household income especially as observed in Odighi in Edo State.
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to determine the causes and consequences of deforestation in Odighi and the following objectives are stated for this research study:
To find out the causes of deforestation in OdighiEdo State To find out the consequences of deforestation on rural household income in OdighiEdo State. To determine the strategies for reducing deforestation.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the causes of deforestation in OdighiEdo State? What are the consequences of deforestation on rural household income in OdighiEdo State What are the strategies for reducing deforestation?
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research are:
To provide solutions that can assist educators, the general public, and the government on the causes and consequences of deforestation thereby raising awareness about unwanted outcomes of deforestation. Findings from this research work will also ascertain the extent of deforestation in OdighiEdo State
This research work will help to improve the existing literature on deforestation thereby contributing to the body of knowledge.
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