RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS PRODUCTION IN JOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT;
This study was undertaken to analyze resource productivity in ornamental plants production within Jos metropolis of Nigeria. The study covered Jos North and Jos South local government areas. The specific objectives include: identifying the effect of socio-economic factors on resource productivity, determining costs and returns, and resource productivity in ornamental plants production.
An extensive literature review was carried out to provide an in-depth knowledge of the study. The cluster sampling procedure was used because the nurseries are located in clusters. Data was collected from the nursery owners. Six respondents from each cluster and five clusters from each local government area were selected using the simple random sampling method at each sampling stage. Each of the two local government areas was administered the 30 questionnaires making a total of 60 respondents.
Results revealed that 60% of respondents were aged between 41 – 50, while 80% had some years of tertiary education. Also 60% of the respondents’ nurseries were less than a quarter of an acre. About 40% had horticulture as their primary occupation, while 40% and 20% had business and civil service respectively as their primary occupation. The ornamental plants producers made a net farm income of N351,196 per annum and a naira invested gave returns of N1.10.
The regression analysis gave positive coefficients for labour, cuttings, pesticides, water, top soil and polythenes which were significant (P<0.05). However, manure, fuel transportation and annual rent had negative coefficient. Also the regression coefficient of socio economic variables such as education, age, nursery size were positive and significant. Household size had a positive coefficient but was insignificant (P<0.05). Ornamental production experience had a negative coefficient and was insignificant
The ratio of marginal value product to marginal factor cost showed that cuttings, pesticides, water, top soil, and polythene was greater than one, while that of manure, labour, fuel, transportation and annual rent less than one. The implication is that the former inputs were used below the economic optimum while the latter were used above the economic optimum. Also, ornamental plants producers’ profit could be increased by increasing the use of labour, cuttings, pesticide, water, top soil, and polythenes while decreasing the use of fuel, manure transportation and annual rent.
The study showed that ornamental plants business is profitable. It could serve as supplemental source of income. The study showed that only 30% of ornamental plants producers belong to registered cooperatives. It is recommended that they organized themselves into cooperatives in order to access funds, inputs and information on current trends in ornamental plants production. Government on it its side should consider ornamental plants producers in the allocation of farm inputs. Also, special sites should be a assigned for ornamental plants production in new government layout. Ornamental plants production needs to be encourage and sustained as it is a profitable venture. Producers need to pay more attention towards efficient utilization of resources. Agricultural policies that favour this venture will be of great importance to ornamental plants producers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables x
Abstract xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 Research Hypotheses 6
1.5 Justification of the Study 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 9
2.1 Trend in Horticultural Plants Production in Nigeria 9
2.2 Types of Ornamental Plants Produced in the Study Area 10
2.3 Contributions of Horticulture to Economies 11
2.4 Importance of Raising Horticultural Plants in Nursery 13
2.5 Starting a Commercial Nursery 14
2.6 Production Systems and Schedules 15
2.7 Production Methods 16
2.8 The Concept of Efficiency in Agricultural Production 18
2.9 Sources of Inefficiency in Resource Use 20
2.10 The Concept of Production and Production Function 20
2.11 Productive Resources 21
2.12 The Concept of Costs and Returns 23
2.13 Methods for the Study of Production Activities 24
2.13.1 Production Function Analysis 24
2.13.2 Functional Funds 25
2.14 Gross Margin and Benefit Cost Analysis 27
2.15 Review of Theoretical Framework of Productivity and Resource Use Efficiency 28
2.16 Empirical Studies in Resource Use Productivity 30
2.17 Choice of Appropriate Econometric Technique 32
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 34
3.1 The Study Area 34
3.2 Sampling Procedure 34
3.3 Data Collection 35
3.4 Data Analysis 35
3.5 Model Specification 36
3.5.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics 36
3.5.2 Farm Budgeting Technique 36
3.5.3 Production Function Analysis 39
3.5.4 Marginal Value Productivity 40
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussions 42
4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ornamental Plants
Producers 42
4.1.1 Gender of Respondents 42
4.1.2 Age of Respondents 42
4.1.3 Marital Status of Respondents 43
4.1.4 Household Size of Respondents 43
4.1.5 Education Status of Respondents 44
4.1.6 Main Occupation of Respondents 45
4.1.7 Experience in Ornamental Production 45
4.1.8 Land Acquisition 46
4.1.9 Source of Funding 46
4.1.10 Membership of Cooperatives 47
4.1.11 Size of Nursery 48
4.2 Sales of Ornamental Plants 48
4.3 Period of Sales of Ornamental Plants 49
4.4 Profitability of Ornamental Plants Production 50
4.4.1 Costs in Ornamental Plants Production 50
4.4.2 Revenue from Ornamental Plants Production 52
4.5 Costs and Returns Analysis 53
4.6 Production Function Analysis 54
4.6.1 Regression Statistics for Ornamental Plant Production 54
4.6.2 Regression Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors 58
4.7 Marginal Analysis And Resource Productivity Of
Ornamental Plants 59
4.8 Tests of Hypotheses 62
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Recommendations, Conclusion 66
5.1 Summary 66
5.2 Recommendation 68
5.3 Conclusion 69
References 70
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Distribution of Respondent Based on Gender 42
4.2 Age Distribution of Respondents 43
4.3 Marital Status of Respondents 43
4.4 Household Size of Respondents 44
4.5 Education Status of Respondents 44
4.6 Main Occupation of Respondents 45
4.7 Experience in ornamental plants production 46
4.8 Acquisition of Land by Respondents 46
4.9 Respondents Sources of Funding 47
4.10 Distribution of Respondents According to 47
4.11 Size of Nursery of Respondents 48
4.12 Order of Use of Ornamental Plants 49
4.13 Period of Sales of Ornamental Plants 49
4.14 Variable and Fixed Costs of Ornamental Plants Production 51
4.15 Revenue from Ornamental Plants Production 53
4.16 Summary of Regression Statistics for Ornamental Plants 56
4.17 Summary of Regression Statistics for Socio-economic
Variables 58
4.18 Marginal Analysis of Inputs Used by Ornamental
Plants Producers 62
4.19 Test of Hypotheses of Socio Economic Variables 63
4.20 Test of Hypothesis of Independent Variables (Inputs) 64
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background Information.
Horticulture is the branch of plants agriculture concerned with intensively cultured plants used directly by man as fresh foods, esthetics and medicine (Uzo, 1997). Ornamental plants are plants grown either for colourful flowers or decorative leaves. They include a wide range of herbaceous annuals and perennials extensively employed in landscaping for esthetic purposes of colour, fragrance and enhancing serenity in and around the home, public places such as recreation areas, tourist sites and cities. Ornamental plants also modify the micro climate by providing shade, reducing wind speed, helping to increase humidity and absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen (Evans, 1999). Ornamental plants provide sanctuary for birds, insects and numerous other animals. Miscellaneous uses include the offer of cut flowers as gifts to people, friends sportsmen and women and national leaders. In Nigeria, flowers are used to beautify homes. In countries like India, flowers are used to adorn women's hair and decorate pictures of gods, saints and deceased loved ones (National Horticulture Board, 1995).
The major facets of ornamental plants include production of flowers and potted plants, growing of flower bulbs and corms including subsequent arrangement and delivery. Each facet is highly specialized with definite requirements, facilities and technical knowledge (Edmond, 1997). This highly specialized industry involves the growers who produce flowers for wholesale marketers and retail florists who market to the public and contribute occasional services such as packaging and delivery. Current buyers of these plants include individuals who buy to beautify their houses, landscape architects who buy on behalf of institutions for landscaping purposes and hoteliers who buy cut flowers for their customers.
The practice of horticultural plants cultivation in Jos can be traced to as early as 1930s (David, 1999). This was as a result of the activities of tin miners that came to the area under the auspices of Amalgamated Tin Miners of Jos. These Europeans came mainly from British Isles with their wives and siblings. Their wives were quite keen on gardening as their favourite pastime in the absence of regular jobs. These women started gardens at home where they had varieties of imported flowers from their country side. Much later, these Europeans developed interest in some of the locally available fruits, shrubs and hedges. The Europeans started the horticultural society.
Later in the early 1970’s, Nigerians also became interested in the art of flower gardening, encouraged by the Horticultural society during their flowers shows. The government gardens soon took off with Bukuru and Naraguta gardens which were established to encourage gardening, tree planting, and afforestation culture (David, 1999). The Plateau Urban Development Board now known as the Jos Metropolitan Board encouraged the establishment of privately owned commercial gardens in the 1990’s. The idea was for these gardens to occupy vacant plots along the major roads within the city thereby holding the land in trust and also beautifying the environment (David, 1999).
Horticulture in Nigeria gained an impetus by a commitment of $43,433,260 to the National Horticultural Research Institute Ibadan in form of grant for research into the genetic improvement of the plants between 1995 and 1998. Hitherto, the federal government’s financial commitment to horticulture has been low to the tune of 1.2 percent of total allocations for food crop production (Babalola, 1996)
Commercially, there is very active and visible trade in horticultural products which engage and provide employment for some people. Although the actual volume and value of horticultural crops produced and traded are unknown, they are enormous, and contribute substantially to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1995, the value of agricultural output, made up of crops, livestock, forestry, and fishing amounted to N39.88 billion and constituted 38.6 percent of GDP (Central Bank of Nigeria, 1995). The contributions of horticultural crops were estimated at N2 billion, which was much more than forestry (N1.34 billion) and fishing (N1.23 billion).
Nigerians are gradually becoming aware of the need for a beautiful, manageable and sustainable environment. The high intensity of a flourishing horticultural business in metropolitan centres attests to this fact. However, according to Fawusi (1996), the genetic base of our ornamental production is dangerously narrow, whereas, a lot of plants are awaiting collection and domestication in our forest. Kenya and Cote d’ Ivoire are major exporters of cut flowers into the French market, yet Nigeria has more potential than these countries. Horticultural crops require intensive care. It is therefore necessary to have information on cost of production and returns per naira invested to serve as a basis for motivating farmers to invest in horticultural crops production (Adekunle and Oladoja, 1996).
1.2 Problem Statement
Nigeria's economy is based on oil while its agricultural sector is focused on arable crops. There is a social cost to the failure to recognize the importance of the income supplementing sector (such as floriculture) in absorbing the growing urban labour force and promoting of a more equitable distribution of income. It is becoming difficult to increase employment in agriculture. A growing population has decreased farm size in the study area, leading to expansion into sloppy marginal lands. The result has been widespread degradation of highlands. Crop residue and animal dung are increasingly being used as fuel for cooking rather than for enriching the soil as is practiced in traditional agriculture systems. Livestock production is not promising either, because forage supplies come from unimproved and over-grazed pasture and crop residue.
One major problem inherent with ornamental production is that of access to resources such as land and water. Most areas with water are already occupied and competition arising from other informal entrepreneurs such as block moulding companies abound. Also, access to land due to land-use title typical of an urban setting makes production highly insecure. Lack of knowledge in certain production technologies such as plant protection and economic use of irrigation water can cause considerable losses. Given this situation it is quite important for resources to be used at their most efficient levels. Resource productivity is thus an important matter in determining the sustainability of ornamental production. The resources applied can find alternative uses in other enterprises. They can be sustained in agriculture only if they can be employed economically. It is important to generate information on the resource availability and productivity.
An area which is much unknown is the prospects for the production and exports of ornamental plants (Babatola, 1996). Horticulture was introduced into Nigeria much earlier and given prominence relative to food based agriculture and substantial resources were diverted to it at a period of acute shortage of fund (Ojehomon, 1997). Unfortunately, the floriculture programme could not be sustained because expenditure on this enterprise is accorded in aggregate terms with other horticultural plants, thereby compounding the problem of cost computation (Akinola, et al, 1996). This was alluded to by Kessel (2004) who stated that inspite of the growth and contribution of floriculture to world economy, it is difficult to calculate a naira per hectare return since costs, returns and length of the production cycle changes relative to the type of plant grown.
In all, the problem for investigation can be stated in the following set of questions:
⦁ What are the socio-economic characteristics of ornamental plants owners?
⦁ What are the costs incurred in a typical ornamental nursery?
⦁ How much return does the entrepreneur get from each naira invested?
⦁ Is there any relationship between the quantities of cuttings, labour, manure, pesticides, water, top soil, polythenes/pots, fuel, transportation and rent and the number of plants raised?
⦁ How efficient are resources utilized in nursery plants production?
⦁ Generally, is ornamental plants business profitable?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to investigate the resource productivity of ornamental plants production in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to:
(i) Determine the costs and returns of ornamental plants production.
(ii) Determine resource productivity in ornamental plants production.
(iii) Identify the effect of socio-economic factors on resource use productivity in ornamental plants production.
(iv) Make recommendations for policy.
1.4 Research Hypotheses
The null hypotheses to be tested are:
(i) The socio-economic characteristics of ornamental plants producers have no relationship with resource productivity.
(ii) There is no relationship between cuttings, labour, manure, pesticides, water, top soil, polythenes/pots, fuel, transportation and rent, and the number of plants raised in the nurseries.
1.5 Justification
Ornamental enterprise is often considered as part of formal economy. What is relevant is that for some urban groups, such an enterprise is extremely important, in that, it is a strategy to maintain a certain level of livelihood. Given the importance of income to the social and economic development of households, this study will help to identify some of the significant socio- economic variables that may be important to agricultural planners in their effort to improve the well-being of the people.
Until recently, the ornamental plant seedling business was considered more of a hobby than a profitable or environmentally important activity. Modernization, urbanization, tourism development, flora and fauna conservation and more importantly the potential to generate employment and income have made the venture an area of further investigation and analysis (Adepoju Et al, 2006).
In order to achieve optimum production level, resources must be available and used efficiently. Successful and result-oriented farm planning and policies required the knowledge of productivity of farm resources to know the resources whose quantity or rate of use should be increased or decreased (Alimi, 2000). The general objective of farmers is sustainable production at reasonable levels and minimal risk, to satisfy subsistence and commercial needs (Beets, 1990). These needs have increased due to increasing population while land availability has become less over the past decades. Therefore, the only way to increase productivity would be through efficient use of resources on the farm. The study seeks to provide information on resource use efficiency in ornamental plants production. The farm level information to be generated is expected to help fill the information/knowledge gap between resource use and productivity in ornamental plants production. Furthermore, the study will be relevant and of benefit to the academia, farm manager, and those interested in this area. Financial institutions will find the result of the study particularly helpful. This is because knowledge of resource use efficiency and profitability could guide in assessing the viability of the ornamental plants industry, and thus, their willingness to finance it. Also politicians and policy makers will find the study useful in making judgments about equity distribution of resources and design of land reforms.
In the light of the importance of ornamental plants production in supplementing the income of urban dwellers in Nigeria, it becomes necessary to investigate resources used by its producers in the study area. The resources are land, labour, capital and management. The productivity of land needs to be improved in resource poor economies considering the fact that it is a scarce resource. Labour is important in ornamental production for land preparation, mixing of manure, planting, packaging and so on. Its productivity enhances farm income and total income of the household. Capital is another resource in ornamental production in the forms of farm credit, farm tools, chemicals and equipment. Management is a resource that enables decision making and combination of the other factors of production in the production process.
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